1. Introduction

The Ansoff matrix is a strategic tool developed to facilitate and guide businesses in decision pertaining to business growth. The Ansoff matrix offers four strategic choices to businesses to choose from – market penetration, market development, product development and diversification. An organization or a business is to choose any of these four strategies, or a combination – deepening on various internal and external factors.

The external factors may include aspects of political stability and economy of a region, and internal factors may include aspects of talent management, and resource capacities. Based on an analysis of the internal and external factors, organizations decide different strategies for growth – which may be broadly defined under the Ansoff matrix.

Figure 1 Ansoff Matrix (Daft, 2016)

1.1. The The Nigerian Petroleum Sector Reforming the Upstream Nigerian Petroleum Sector - The Saga of the PIB C makes use of the Ansoff matrix for successful international growth

The The Nigerian Petroleum Sector Reforming the Upstream Nigerian Petroleum Sector - The Saga of the PIB C has been successful in its global operations and business based on its strategic growth choices and decisions. These growth decisions and growth paths have been varied for different regions, at different time points – based on the internal and external organizational factors. However, the The Nigerian Petroleum Sector Reforming the Upstream Nigerian Petroleum Sector - The Saga of the PIB C has successfully made use of the Ansoff matrix repeatedly to become one of the leading beverage giants internationally. Some of the strategies that The Nigerian Petroleum Sector Reforming the Upstream Nigerian Petroleum Sector - The Saga of the PIB C has successfully used under the Ansoff matrix and categories are detailed below.

2. Market penetration

The market penetration strategy is used by businesses that seek growth for existing products in markets where their brands are existing, and already operational.

2.1. Increase production capacity

• Increased production capacity will allow The Nigerian Petroleum Sector Reforming the Upstream Nigerian Petroleum Sector - The Saga of the PIB C to reach more customers within the same market
• Increased production capacity would also lead to more efficiency and effectiveness – especially for controlling overhead costs
• Controlled overhead costs would lead to competitive pricing and would appeal to the consumers in the same market
• Increased attractiveness and competitive pricing within the same market will lead to increased sales and consumption – and thus a higher market penetration

2.2. Increased marketing investment

• The The Nigerian Petroleum Sector Reforming the Upstream Nigerian Petroleum Sector - The Saga of the PIB C can also increase its investment in marketing and advertising activities to increase market penetration
• The The Nigerian Petroleum Sector Reforming the Upstream Nigerian Petroleum Sector - The Saga of the PIB C should try to develop and design engaging communication content that is relevant to its various market groups
• Engaging communication and investment in marketing activities, and advertising will allow the The Nigerian Petroleum Sector Reforming the Upstream Nigerian Petroleum Sector - The Saga of the PIB C to reach more consumers within the same market
• With higher marketing investment, the The Nigerian Petroleum Sector Reforming the Upstream Nigerian Petroleum Sector - The Saga of the PIB C will be able to increase its market penetration within the existing markets for existing products

2.3. Enhanced distribution

• The The Nigerian Petroleum Sector Reforming the Upstream Nigerian Petroleum Sector - The Saga of the PIB C can explore new and innovative means of distribution
• The The Nigerian Petroleum Sector Reforming the Upstream Nigerian Petroleum Sector - The Saga of the PIB C can also explore new channels of distribution for their products
• New and enhanced distribution channels and strategies will allow the The Nigerian Petroleum Sector Reforming the Upstream Nigerian Petroleum Sector - The Saga of the PIB C to reach new consumer segments and consumer groups in the same market – which may have been inaccessible previously
• Improved supply chains and distribution systems may lead to increased penetration within the same market by improving accessibility

2.4. Competitive pricing

• The The Nigerian Petroleum Sector Reforming the Upstream Nigerian Petroleum Sector - The Saga of the PIB C may introduce competitive pricing and price cuts to increase the appeal of its products
• Competitive pricing will be a source of competitive advantage for the company, and will lead to enhanced consumer engagement with the product
• At the same time, competitive pricing will increase the sales for the The Nigerian Petroleum Sector Reforming the Upstream Nigerian Petroleum Sector - The Saga of the PIB C and lead to increased penetration

2.5. Reduce operational costs

• The The Nigerian Petroleum Sector Reforming the Upstream Nigerian Petroleum Sector - The Saga of the PIB C can reduce operational costs to increase competitive pricing
• Competitive pricing will help the The Nigerian Petroleum Sector Reforming the Upstream Nigerian Petroleum Sector - The Saga of the PIB C increase its sales volume and consumption
• Lower operational costs will lead to less costs being passed on to the consumers, and will make the products offered by the The Nigerian Petroleum Sector Reforming the Upstream Nigerian Petroleum Sector - The Saga of the PIB C more desirable and affordable
• Higher affordability and accessibility will help the The Nigerian Petroleum Sector Reforming the Upstream Nigerian Petroleum Sector - The Saga of the PIB C increase its market penetration

2.6. Acquiring competitors

• The The Nigerian Petroleum Sector Reforming the Upstream Nigerian Petroleum Sector - The Saga of the PIB C can acquire competing players in the market
• The acquisitions will give the The Nigerian Petroleum Sector Reforming the Upstream Nigerian Petroleum Sector - The Saga of the PIB C leverage in reaching different consumer groups and segments
• The acquisitions will also allow the The Nigerian Petroleum Sector Reforming the Upstream Nigerian Petroleum Sector - The Saga of the PIB C to develop leverage through diversified supply chain and distribution channels
• Acquisitions will lead to higher penetration through improving the The Nigerian Petroleum Sector Reforming the Upstream Nigerian Petroleum Sector - The Saga of the PIB C’s accessibility of different consumer groups and segments in existing markets

2.7. Partnerships and joint ventures

• The The Nigerian Petroleum Sector Reforming the Upstream Nigerian Petroleum Sector - The Saga of the PIB C can also enter strategic p[partnerships and joint ventures with other players in the market
• These can be players belonging to similar industry, or even different industries
• Strategic partnerships and joint ventures will allow the The Nigerian Petroleum Sector Reforming the Upstream Nigerian Petroleum Sector - The Saga of the PIB C to gain access to different consumer groups, and their market behaviour and consumption patterns
• Additionally, the The Nigerian Petroleum Sector Reforming the Upstream Nigerian Petroleum Sector - The Saga of the PIB C will be mitigating risk factors through limited investment – which in turn will safeguard it against potential losses
• Joint ventures and partnerships can provide the The Nigerian Petroleum Sector Reforming the Upstream Nigerian Petroleum Sector - The Saga of the PIB C with guided means of increasing penetration in existing markets

2.8. New product benefits and features

• The The Nigerian Petroleum Sector Reforming the Upstream Nigerian Petroleum Sector - The Saga of the PIB C can identify new features and characteristics in existing products for existing markets
• This identification will lead to innovative and novice product consumption purposes and behaviour
• Consumers should also be made aware of these new and innovative usage patterns and consumptions ways of the The Nigerian Petroleum Sector Reforming the Upstream Nigerian Petroleum Sector - The Saga of the PIB C products by the company
• Increased marketing and communication of new product use and benefits, along with characteristics and features will lead to increased consumption in existing consumer groups and segments, as well as in new consumer segments and groups
• This will facilitate the The Nigerian Petroleum Sector Reforming the Upstream Nigerian Petroleum Sector - The Saga of the PIB C in improving its overall market penetration in existing companies

2.9. Increased frequency of consumption

• The The Nigerian Petroleum Sector Reforming the Upstream Nigerian Petroleum Sector - The Saga of the PIB C can also initiate communication and marketing aimed at increasing the frequency of consumption of the products in existing markets
• Increased consumption frequency will lead to an overall increased consumption
• The The Nigerian Petroleum Sector Reforming the Upstream Nigerian Petroleum Sector - The Saga of the PIB C will thus be able to increase the sales volume sold to existing consumers in existing markets
• The company will be able to increase its market penetration through these means

3. Market development

With market development strategies, the The Nigerian Petroleum Sector Reforming the Upstream Nigerian Petroleum Sector - The Saga of the PIB C can enhance its business growth through introducing existing products in new markets. This will be possible for the The Nigerian Petroleum Sector Reforming the Upstream Nigerian Petroleum Sector - The Saga of the PIB C with different strategies.

3.1. Research and development

• The The Nigerian Petroleum Sector Reforming the Upstream Nigerian Petroleum Sector - The Saga of the PIB C should invest in research and development to identify possible new markets and consumer segments for its products
• The R&D should focus on identifying and understanding different market cultures, trends, and consumer behaviours - and how they differ dim consumer behaviour patterns in existing markets

3.2. Regional expansion

• The The Nigerian Petroleum Sector Reforming the Upstream Nigerian Petroleum Sector - The Saga of the PIB C can expand regionally
• This will include expansion locally to different cities, or within the same geographic region
• Regional expansion should also take into consideration any cultural differences that will need to be accommodated in the expansion process in terms of marketing or product modifications and consumption methods.

3.3. International expansion

• The The Nigerian Petroleum Sector Reforming the Upstream Nigerian Petroleum Sector - The Saga of the PIB C an also enjoy business growth through international expansion
• International expansion will allow The Nigerian Petroleum Sector Reforming the Upstream Nigerian Petroleum Sector - The Saga of the PIB C to access different consumer groups, and increase its overall share of the pie
• International expansion will require the The Nigerian Petroleum Sector Reforming the Upstream Nigerian Petroleum Sector - The Saga of the PIB C to conduct in-depth PESTLE, Porters 5 forces and SWOT analyses to develop a comparative strategy and overview for planned expansion
• The company will also need to understand the possible cultural differences, and make accommodations to its expansion strategy accordingly. Cultural differences should be taken into account in the process of global expansion.

3.4. New customer segments

• The The Nigerian Petroleum Sector Reforming the Upstream Nigerian Petroleum Sector - The Saga of the PIB C can also explore new consumer segments in the same market for its products
• The company can identify new product uses and features and target new consumer segments for the existing products
• This will allow the company to tap into new markets and new market trends within the same market to help in growth and expansion

3.5. Brand awareness

• The The Nigerian Petroleum Sector Reforming the Upstream Nigerian Petroleum Sector - The Saga of the PIB C also invests in activities of building brand awareness
• Building brand awareness is important to help the company reach new consumer segments, and increase visibility
• Increased brand awareness for the The Nigerian Petroleum Sector Reforming the Upstream Nigerian Petroleum Sector - The Saga of the PIB C also leads to increased brand recall – which is important for purchase decisions
• Consequently, building brand awareness is important for increasing sales, and driving growth in new markets

3.6. Customer education

• The The Nigerian Petroleum Sector Reforming the Upstream Nigerian Petroleum Sector - The Saga of the PIB C should also educate consumers in new markets for its products
• This market education is important for allowing consumers in understanding the products, and its offerings
• The consumers will also be able to understand consumption patterns for the products better with education
• The The Nigerian Petroleum Sector Reforming the Upstream Nigerian Petroleum Sector - The Saga of the PIB C increases sales through educating new consumer segments in existing and new markets to lead to overall business development and growth/

4. Product development

When a company seeks to expand business growth in existing markets through new products, it is termed as product development. The The Nigerian Petroleum Sector Reforming the Upstream Nigerian Petroleum Sector - The Saga of the PIB C drives product development in different ways.

4.1. Modifications to existing products

• The The Nigerian Petroleum Sector Reforming the Upstream Nigerian Petroleum Sector - The Saga of the PIB C can introduce modifications and improvements in existing products to offer consumers new and enhanced offerings
• This will lead to increased sales and consumption of the product

4.2. Launch new products

• The The Nigerian Petroleum Sector Reforming the Upstream Nigerian Petroleum Sector - The Saga of the PIB C also often engages in R&D activities to understand and identify new points of consumer demand
• The company then undergoes a NPD process, and develops and launches new products in the market for consumers
• This increases the breadth of the company’s reach, and also allows The Nigerian Petroleum Sector Reforming the Upstream Nigerian Petroleum Sector - The Saga of the PIB C to penetrate new market segments

4.3. Research and development

• The Nigerian Petroleum Sector Reforming the Upstream Nigerian Petroleum Sector - The Saga of the PIB C regularly invests in research and development – especially pertaining towards understanding market trends and consumer behaviour
• Investment in R&D has allowed the The Nigerian Petroleum Sector Reforming the Upstream Nigerian Petroleum Sector - The Saga of the PIB C to remain competitive through innovation and creativity – in product launches as well as other functional areas such as marketing, operations and finances
• Research and development has also built the The Nigerian Petroleum Sector Reforming the Upstream Nigerian Petroleum Sector - The Saga of the PIB C to become more efficient in its operations and routine activities.

4.4. Strategic partnerships

• The The Nigerian Petroleum Sector Reforming the Upstream Nigerian Petroleum Sector - The Saga of the PIB C engages in strategic partnerships to explore options for product development as well
• Strategic partnerships allows The Nigerian Petroleum Sector Reforming the Upstream Nigerian Petroleum Sector - The Saga of the PIB C to have access to new product developments, and processes with limited financial investment- and thus limited risk involved
• This is important for The Nigerian Petroleum Sector Reforming the Upstream Nigerian Petroleum Sector - The Saga of the PIB C – to be able to understand the new product, and development process along with the market reaction and acceptability of the same before engaging in fill fledged production of own

4.5. Product quality

• The company can also engage in new product development through introducing different quality products in the same market
• This will allow the The Nigerian Petroleum Sector Reforming the Upstream Nigerian Petroleum Sector - The Saga of the PIB C to penetrate new market and consumer segments, as well as target new consumer groups

5. Diversification

Diversification refers to business growth and development that occurs when a company engages in new product development in new markets. Diversification is an important and allows businesses like the The Nigerian Petroleum Sector Reforming the Upstream Nigerian Petroleum Sector - The Saga of the PIB C to remain competent, innovative, and competitive – thereby remaining relevant for the consumer markets.

5.1. Vertical diversification

• Vertical diversification for the The Nigerian Petroleum Sector Reforming the Upstream Nigerian Petroleum Sector - The Saga of the PIB C means looking for growth and business development by introducing new products under existing product lines.
• This means that the new product developments and launches by the The Nigerian Petroleum Sector Reforming the Upstream Nigerian Petroleum Sector - The Saga of the PIB C would be similar to, and categorized under existing product groups and categories.

5.2. Horizontal diversification

• Horizontal diversification occurs when the The Nigerian Petroleum Sector Reforming the Upstream Nigerian Petroleum Sector - The Saga of the PIB C decides to introduce and engage with new product developments and launches that are not associated with the existing products
• It is however beneficial to introduce new products launches and developments for products that share similar economic environments with the visiting products.

5.3. Diversification towards a new business

• The The Nigerian Petroleum Sector Reforming the Upstream Nigerian Petroleum Sector - The Saga of the PIB C can also diversify into becoming a conglomerate by engaging in a different business altogether
• Diversification through a new business would involve the The Nigerian Petroleum Sector Reforming the Upstream Nigerian Petroleum Sector - The Saga of the PIB C to explore new business ideas and option to launch or acquire for purposes of growth and development

5.3.1. Mergers and acquisitions

• One of the ways through which the The Nigerian Petroleum Sector Reforming the Upstream Nigerian Petroleum Sector - The Saga of the PIB C may explore conglomeratic growth of entering new businesses is through mergers and acquisitions
• The The Nigerian Petroleum Sector Reforming the Upstream Nigerian Petroleum Sector - The Saga of the PIB C can partner with, or acquire companies and businesses that interest it in an effort to diversify into new markets and new consume groups with products and services that are completely new, and not related to existing offerings