Blue Ocean Strategy of Apple

Posted by Matthew Harvey on Oct-01-2020

1. Blue ocean strategy: introduction

The blue ocean strategy seeks to bring differentiation to organizations and brands like Apple to create awareness and presence in a new market place and create demand amongst consumers. The blue ocean strategy focuses on creating demand in the uncontested market space, and by doing this, it makes the competition unrelated and irrelevant. Through the blue ocean strategy, industry players like Apple are able to reconstruct the market boundaries as well as the industry structure through their strategies and actions. Under the blue ocean model and framework, the industry structures are assumed to be flexible, and not rigid.

With Apple, the blue ocean model and framework has allowed the company to explore new market spaces that have not been competitive, or actively utilized by players existing in the present business environment. By doing so, Apple has been able to create new demand, rather than fight over and encroach existing competitive space. In doing so, Apple has been able to experience rapid growth as well as enjoy increased profits. When Apple adopts the blue ocean strategy, it changes the rules of the game and eradicates the competition – rendering them unimportant, and irrelevant factors of the environment. 

For businesses, the blue ocean signifies a deeper section of the ocean that is unexplored and holds unlimited potential and opportunities for growth and expansion. Apple adopts the broader blue ocean strategy through different means and frameworks.

2. Blue vs Red Ocean

Apple differs in its adoption of the blue ocean strategy to achieve rapid growth in unexplored market spaces. While Apple also actively pursues the red ocean strategy, it is also an avid follower of the blue ocean strategy. The choice of strategy differs based on the product nature and offerings, as well as the business goals, and market development.

The red and the blue ocean strategy for Apple are different in the following ways

Red ocean strategyBlue ocean strategy
Apple competes with existing players in existing market spaces, and defined industry boundariesApple Creates new market spaces rendering the competition to be irrelevant, and redefines the industry boundaries
Apple Tries to grab a share of demand from the existing pieApple creates new, and innovative demand, and bakes a new pie altogether
Apple Makes the value-cost trade-offApple Breaks the value cost trade-off
Apple chooses a specific direction for differentiation – based on low cost and related strategic activities Apple continues pursuit of differentiation through low-cost strategies and activities 

3. Four action framework

The four actions framework by Apple has helped the company explore and refine buyer value more intricately. The Apple Company has made use of the four actions framework in reconstructing or developing new value curves or strategic profiles for the company and its various offerings in uncontested market spaces. However, when a new value curve is created, companies typically face a trade-off between differentiation and low cost. Apple has also been able to break this tradeoff by challenging the strategic formation, foundation and logic of the industry – thereby challenging the industry boundaries and working at large. 

3.1. The four strategic actions for developing new buyer value curves

Apple breaks the tradeoff through four simple strategic processes and ways – highlighted as the four actions in the four action framework. 

3.1.1. Eliminate

With elimination, Apple identifies and shortlists the factors through which a given industry has competed over a long period of time, and which may be eliminated now. These factors include, for example, obsolete technology, mundane operational processes, and stringent human resource policies.

3.1.2. Raise

Under this option, Apple is able to identify the factors that it wants to rise well above the industry’s average in its own settings and operations. These factors will give the company an edge over other players and will provide it with a competitive advantage. Apple, therefore, focuses on developing these factors for a sustainable advantage. These factors include, for example, its organizational culture, human resource training and policies, technological innovation, and market research capabilities – for example. 

3.1.3. Create

Under the action of create, the Apple is able to develop and identify strategic factors and capacities that are new to the industry at large, and have never been introduced before. With these capacities, the company is able to maintain and control costs, and is at the same time, able to offer higher value to the buyers. The company is also able to create sustainable advantage and a refined first-mover advantage through the development of these capacities that will give it a sustainable advantage.

3.1.4. Reduce

Under this strategic option and choice, Apple assesses and reviews a given industry, and identifies factors and aspects that it should reduce in its expansion plans to be able to maximally benefit from untapped market spaces and related opportunities. These factors are reduced considerably in comparison to industry standards.

4. Six path framework

Apple makes use of the six paths framework under the blue ocean model and framework to reduce, contain and identify the search risk that many businesses are challenged within their expansion plans. By using this framework, Apple is able to identify the numerous possibilities associated with expanding into an untapped market space, which allows it to reconstruct the industry boundaries and structures towards innovation and new value creation.

4.1. Six paths 

The six paths that Apple makes use of are:

4.1.1. Industry

Compared to red ocean players who focus on competing with exiting rivals within an industry, blue ocean players like Apple are able to expand beyond existing players. Apple looks at alternative industries, and alternate possibilities in its expansion and growth plans, and as such, renders existing competition irrelevant.

4.1.2. Strategic group

Red ocean players focus one existing strategic groups for positioning possibilities, Apple, on the other hand, looks beyond the existing strategic groups within an industry, and in turn, creates new strategic positioning and groups with first-mover advantage, and through exploring new market possibilities ad spaces.

4.1.3. Buyer group

Red ocean players continually eek to serve better-existing consumer groups. Apple in turn also focuses on creating new demand and creating new consumer groups to be able to expand its overall customer base. In doing so, Apple is able to redefine the buyer group and consumers for the industry – by identifying new and potential consumer groups as well.

4.1.4. Scope of product or service offering

Red ocean players focus on improving the core product offering to e babel to better serve the consumers. Apple, in turn, seeks not only to meet consumer expectations but to move across to be able to delight them. This is done by the company by focusing on consumer service, adding complementary offerings, as well as enhancing the service offerings for the consumers.

4.1.5. Functional-emotional orientation

Apple is able to innovate the functional-emotional orientation of the industry through its strategic choices and direction, as well as creativity and foresight. Apple is able to develop and create new market spaces and new demand for its products and offerings – highlighting innovation which is needed for redefining the industrial focus, and changing the balance of emotional and functional orientation within a given industry to better appeal to the target consumer groups. 

4.1.6. Time 

Red ocean players adapt to external trends and patterns in the external environment and incorporate them in their strategic decisions and directions. Apple in turn, seeks to influence the external trends and patterns in an industry’s environment. Instead of being reactive, it is more proactive in nature and actively seeks to enhance the business environment through influencing it over time with its actions, strategies and philosophies. 

5. Three tiers of non-customers

To tap into unexplored market spaces and create new demand, Apple has invested considerably in market research, and in understanding consumer trends and behavioral patterns. This research is especially focused on non-customers, and how to unlock them to create new demand for the company’s offerings. While Apple strives to maintain and expand its current consumer base, it must do so by tapping into new consumer groups. 

Figure 1 non-consumer groups of an industry

The first group of non-consumers for Apple are those who make minimal purchases of industry products – only out of necessity and are deemed to be non-customers. The second group involves those consumers who decline an industry’s offerings. This group has awareness about the industry’s offerings and benefits, but refuse to participate as active consumer groups., and instead, refuse to make the purchases altogether. The third group is the most away from the company, and have not considered the industry’s offerings as a possibility al att. These consumers are not interest or non-aware of the offerings. 

Apple makes use of blue ocean networks and models to pull in the non-consumers and convert them into customers through strategic decisions and planning. 

6. The sequence of creating a blue ocean value innovation 

Apple has made use of the blue ocean strategy optimally by making use of the framework to sequence its strategy to be able to gain the highest benefit and profit from it. Apple makes use of the optimal sequencing for value innovation under the blue ocean strategy i.e. buyer utility, price, cost, and adoption. By making use of this sequence, Apple is able to tap into the blue oceans of untapped market places and make sure that its growth is coming from unused market spaces, and is organic in terms of demand creation. With this sequence, Apple has also been able to reduce the risks of expansion and internationalization, and at the same time, also ensured that maximum value is created and enjoyed not only by the customers but also by the company itself in the untapped and new market spaces.

Figure 2 sequence of creating buyer value under the blue ocean model

6.1. Blue ocean value creation sequence

The sequence adopted by Apple makes perfect sense for expansion and business development. 

  1. Apple ensures that its product offerings are developed, and marketed to convey exceptional utility for buyers and consumers in its markets. Though Apple manufactured products that require a low emotional attachment, the offerings and products are often repeatedly purchased for the gratification they offer. For Apple, this is achieved through marketing activities, where the company markets, and advertises its products to deliver exceptional buyer utility.
  2. Based on the product offerings, its nature, and its characteristics, Apple ensures that the offerings are appropriately priced. This pricing strategy is maintained not only to attract new consumers, and penetrate existing consumer groups, but also to attract, and appeal to the masses. The products are priced to attract the maximum number of buyers from the target audience groups of the Apple Company’s products to determine the affordability of its audience. This affordability and purchase will lead to a ripple effect in terms of buzz generation for the product. 
  3. After securing the revenue aspects of the model in the sequencing, Apple also ensures that it contains the costs of operations and manufacturing so as to derive a profit from its operations. Profit here is defined as the price of the products less the cost of production for the company – and involved fixed and variable costs. Apple ensures that its costs are maintained through economies of scale and that its product prices are not driven up because of the increase in costs. This price maintenance is important to attract the target consumers and benefit from the blue ocean maximally. 
  4. Finally, Apple assesses the business environment and the consumer market and reviews it for any obstacles or hurdles in the process of adoption of the products in the blue ocean region. The company eliminates these hurdles and obstacles earlier along the way to prevent Apple form actualizing its goals and targets. 

7. Buyer Utility Map

Apple also makes use of the buyer utility map in its exploration of untapped market spaces for purposes of growth and expansion. The buyer utility map helps Apple understand consumer’s betters, and also allows Apple to think, and perceive from a buyer's point of view. As such, the company is able to explore the demand side better, and also allows Apple to devise innovative ways to enhance the buyer utility that are different dim the conventional utility measures. Exploration of the demand side also helps Apple develop new experiences for buyers with its offerings – to help enhance their relation and interaction with the products, and increase the offerings’ appeal. Apple is thus able to identify different and various utility spaces that its offerings can potentially fill. 

Figure 3 utility maps under the blue ocean model

The utility maps are based on two dimensions - The Buyer Experience Cycle (BEC) and the Utility levers.

7.1. Buyer experience cycle and utility levers

The BEC is the cycle or process through which a consumer interacts, consumers, and disposes of the product. It generally occurs in six phases – and runs from purchase to disposal stage. 
The utility levers, in turn, are the ways through which Apple can increase and enhance the utility of its offerings across the six stages of BEC for the consumers – thereby increasing the overall utility of the product.

7.2. Utility maps and value creation in the blue ocean

By identifying new and different utility spaces for consumers, Apple is able to identify new ideas and concepts that will help it tap into new consumer groups, and convert non-consumers onto avid consumers of its offerings. At the same time, the buyer utility amp also helps Apple in identifying spaces for differentiation of its products and creating new value propositions for the consumers – playing on the differentiation aspect as well.  

8. Value innovation

One of the tools that Apple employs in its application of the blue ocean strategy is the value innovation model or framework. With the value innovation framework, Apple is able to continually and simultaneously pursue a strategy of differentiation and low cost. By doing this, Apple is able to create enhanced and increased value for not only itself but also for its customers. This enhanced and increased value is developed because of value innovation. 

8.1. Creating value innovation: buyer vs. manufacturer

Value innovation is the pivotal factor that has helped Apple in developing and creating new demand by identifying and tapping into unexplored market spaces. With value innovation, the company has been able to continually refine its market-creating strategy, and develop new markets for its products, and product invocations. For value innovation, it is important to understand that customers gain value from the product’s utility less than the price paid. In contrast, value for manufacturers or companies – such as Apple, is derived based on the product’s price less the cost. Value innovation for Apple is achieved by aligning the aspects of price, cost, and utility. With this value innovation, a value leap is developed which enhances the value of the product for the customer as well as for Apple. 

Figure 4 value innovation under the blue ocean model

9. References 

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Bowonder, B., Dambal, A., Kumar, S. and Shirodkar, A., 2010. Innovation strategies for creating competitive advantage. Research-technology management, 53(3), pp.19-32.

Burke, A., van Stel, A. and Thurik, R., 2010. Blue ocean vs. five forces. Harvard Business Review, 88(5), pp.28-29.

Burke, A.E., Van Stel, A.J. and Thurik, R., 2009. Blue ocean versus competitive strategy: theory and evidence. ERIM Report Series Reference No. ERS-2009-030-ORG.

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Kim, W.C. and Mauborgne, R., 2014. Blue ocean strategy, expanded edition: How to create uncontested market space and make the competition irrelevant. Harvard business review Press.

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